9^th Global Experts Meeting on Neuropharmacology November 15-16, 2018 Berlin, Germany

It is the science that studies the features, properties, responses and uses of drugs mainly their therapeutic effect in humans along with toxicology, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. It also includes drug abuse, pain and hypothalamic releasing factors.

Neurochemistry is the specific study of neurochemicals, including neurotransmitters and other molecules that include psychopharmaceuticals, neuropeptides, or gastrotransmitters that influence the function of neurons. It also deals how these neurochemicals influence the network of neural operation. The studies include micro-macro connection between the analysis of organic compounds active in the nervous system and neural processes such as cortical plasticity, neurogenesis and neural differentiation, synapses, autism and intellectual disability, interneuronal coordination, interaction of drugs and its effect on summation and cotransmission process and advances in astrocyte-neuron interactions in health. Astrocyte dysfunction results into neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, epilepsy, migraine and neuroinflammatory diseases.

Molecular neuropharmacology involves the study of neurons and agonist, Competitive antagonist and Non-competitive antagonist, receptors on neurons for developing new drugs that will treat neurological disorders of neurodegenerative diseases. Neurogenesis and repair refers to the growth and development of neuron. Neurons never function in isolation; they are organized into ensembles or circuits that process kinds of information which are referred as neuronal circuits. The GABA inhibitory neurotransmitter and serotonin neurotransmitter present in the central nervous system of mature vertebrate interacts with GABA receptor and 5HT receptor respectively. GABAA receptors are modulated by the channel of 5HT receptors through activation of various proteins. There are about 14 5HT receptor subtypes identified from last 20 years which are now researched for their significance in various disorders and treatments. Synaptopathy is a progressively popular term used to define main features of psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. It infers that brain diseases are resulted from disruption of synaptic structure and function.

It is a progressive and chronic disorder, caused by death or malfunctioning of neurons, genetic mutation leading to decreased level of dopamine secretion. Associated effects are anxiety; depression, stress, ageing and neurodegenerative disorders, disease diagnostics, drug designing and therapeutics are the research areas.

Psychopharmacology is the learning of the effects of medication on the psyche (psychology), observing changed behaviors and how molecular events are manifest in a measurable behavioral form. Neurogenesis and repair deal with other aspects on the indications for medications prescribed to address psychiatric and behavioral problems. The treatments may cause side effects such as induction of the metabolic syndrome, type II diabetes related to the medications prescribed for management of psychiatric and behavioural disorders and disturbances. Schizophrenia is such a disorder which affects the thinking and acting ability of a person caused by viral infection, genetically or by immune disorder.

It is the study of drug dependence and how drug addiction affects the human mind, anxiety and autism, Measuring neural activity in Drug abuse, Alcoholism- tolerance to and physical dependence, and properties are mediated through its effects on dopamine neurons in the mesolimbic reward pathway, which connects the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens, Post-traumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder, clinical depression and enhanced treatments.

Neural stem cells (NSCs) offer a unique and powerful tool for basic research and regenerative medicine. To date the need to accomplish this has just been met to some degree for neurons got from embryonic undeveloped cells or iPS cells, and still, after all that the information is not of a quality to justify clinical trials. The issue is that, while the cells that can be made in the lab resemble the ones required, they frequently do not have certain fundamental attributes.

It includes the social, legal and ethical consequences of advances in neuroscience. It is the amalgamation of neuroscience with ethical thoughts. The ethics of neurocognitive includes brain interventions and imagining, neurological treatments and consciousness disorders. 

It is the measurement and analysis of chemical and electrical signals of nervous system. It includes neurocircuitary analysis, novel trans-synaptic tracing approaches, advancements of optical techniques, neuromodulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurotechnology plays a crucial role in diagnostics and identification of nervous activities.

It is the study of interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system, also biological features of the cells involved and their communications. Most Important aspects of neuroendocrinology are insulin receptor and hypothalamic programming; stress, coping and interactions, neuro-endocrine-immune symphony, pituitary structure and hormone secretion.

Neuropharmacology is an emerging field of science, rising exponentially with the understanding of nervous system and its related disorders, drugs and treatments. The major area of research includes mechanisms of novel drugs, neuro stem cell therapy, immunoglobulin therapy, gene therapy in neuronal disorders and neural engineering.