11^th World Congress on Neuropharmacology May 06-07, 2019 Prague, Czech Republic

The section is dedicated to the publication of high quality research concerning all aspects of neuropharmacology; the study of drugs and their targets that influence the functions of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves) in health and disease. The scope of the segment is broad and submission of research from the cellular and molecular biology of drug targets through to their roles in isolated tissues and whole organisms, including clinical work, is welcome. Also applicable to the section is research (either pre-clinical or clinical) to elucidate basic neuropharmacological mechanisms in health and disease or the potential of a neuropharmacological strategy for therapeutic benefit.

The health care area is very active and prominent in the Czech Republic. In 2015, healthcare expenditures reached $13.1 billion. Most of the expenses were covered by mandatory healthcare insurance and other public sources. Private expenditures accounted for only $2.2 billion. The Czech Republic occupies 7.5 percent of its GDP on healthcare. The global shop for drug discovery technologies and products was worth $38.4 billion in 2011. This figure is projected to reach $41.4 billion in 2012 and $79 billion in 2017, a five-year compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13.8%.The global revenue for single use equipment reached $1.4 billion and $1.7 billion in 2013 and 2014, respectively. This market is estimated to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.7% to nearly $3.0 billion for the period 2014-2019.

It is a technique by which a drug is delivered can have a significant effect on its efficacy. Some drugs have an optimal concentration range within which maximum benefit is derived, and concentrations above or below this range can be toxic or produce no therapeutic benefit at all. On the other hand, the very slow progress in the efficacy of the treatment of severe diseases, has suggested a growing need for a multidisciplinary approach to the delivery of therapeutics to targets in tissues. These new policies, often called drug delivery systems (DDS), are based on interdisciplinary approaches that combine polymer science, pharmaceutics, bioconjugate chemistry, and molecular biology.

Nanomedicine is the presentation of nanotechnology in the field of medicine with a view to enhancing the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. Nanotechnology is already complex in a range of biomedical applications including drug and vaccine delivery, diagnostic imaging, nanosensor diagnostics, nano-enabled therapies, and tissue engineering. However, the predictable long-term health care needs of women demand greater biomedical and translational research to develop the diagnostic tools and treatments necessary to improve the care and well-being of women. Although cancer has been the predominant focus of research in the field of nanomedicine,8 there is an increasing awareness and exploration of the potential application of nanomedicine to noncancerous pathologies. This review explores the selection of potential nanomedicine applications in women’s health, from puberty to menopause in cisgender women, including mental, sexual, reproductive, cancer, and menopause-related health care. Applications of nanomedicine have the possible to revolutionize the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of a range of conditions and diseases affecting women’s health.

Researchers have developed a nanoparticle that uses a protein to attach to damaged regions of arteries. This allows drugs to be applied directly to the impaired portion of the artery. Lab studies in mice have revealed that using nanoparticles to target the delivery of the clot busting drug tPA can reduce the dosage of tPA needed, which may reduce possible side affects, such as internal bleeding.  The clot busting drug was involved to a cluster of nanoparticles that break apart in regions of turbulent blood flow, like that found when a blood flow is restricted by a clot.

Researchers are developing polymer nanoparticles that home in on inflamed tissue such as arterial plaque and dissolve, releasing drugs, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide that is present in the inflamed tissue. Nanoparticles containing iron oxide that allows the nanoparticles to  be directed, by a magnetic field, to stents. This could permit drugs to be delivered directly to stents placed in arteries.

Drug delivery states to approaches, formulations, technologies, and systems for transporting a pharmaceutical compound in the body as needed to safely achieve its desired therapeutic effect. Drug delivery technologies alter drug release profile, absorption, distribution and elimination for the benefit of improving product efficacy and safety, as well as patient convenience and compliance. Some of the common routes of administration include the enteral (gastrointestinal tract), parenteral (via injections), inhalation, transdermal, topical and oral routes. Several medications such as peptide and protein, antibody, vaccine and gene based drugs, in general may not be delivered using these routes because they might be susceptible to enzymatic deprivation or can not be absorbed into the systemic circulation efficiently due to molecular size and charge issues to be therapeutically effective.

It is the study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs. Pharmacodynamics is the study of how a drug affects an organism, whereas pharmacokinetics is the study of how the organism affects the drug. Both together influence dosing, benefit, and adverse effects. The constituents of interest include any chemical xenobiotic such as: pharmaceutical drugs, pesticides, food additives, cosmetics, etc. It efforts to analyze chemical metabolism and to discover the fate of a chemical from the moment that it is administered up to the point at which it is completely eliminated from the body.

Pharmacovigilance is also known as drug safety, is the pharmacological science relating to the collection, detection, assessment, monitoring, and prevention of adverse effects with pharmaceutical products. Pharmacovigilance heavily focuses on adverse drug reactions, or ADRs, which are defined as any response to a drug which is noxious and unplanned, including lack of efficacy. Medication faults such as overdose, and misuse and abuse of a drug as well as drug exposure during pregnancy and breastfeeding, are also of interest, even without an adverse incident, because they may result in an adverse drug reaction.

Herbal drug formulation shall mean a dosage form comprising of one or more herbs or processed herb(s) in specified quantities to provide specific nutritional, cosmetic benefits, and/or other benefits meant for use to diagnose treat, mitigate diseases of human beings or animals and/or to alter the structure or physiology of human beings or animals.

Biopharmaceutical is also known as a biologic, medical product or biological. Different from entirely synthesized pharmaceuticals, they include vaccines, blood, blood components, allergenic, somatic cells, gene therapies, tissues, recombinant therapeutic protein, and living cells used in cell therapy. Biologics can be poised of sugars, proteins, or nucleic acids or complex combinations of these substances, or may be living cells or tissues. They are isolated from living sources—human, animal, plant, fungal, or microbial. The term biopharmacology is sometimes used to describe the branch of pharmacology that studies biopharmaceuticals.

Drug discovery is the process by which new applicant medications are discovered. Traditionally, drugs were discovered through identifying the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Advanced chemical libraries of synthetic small molecules, natural products or extracts were screened in intact cells or whole organisms to identify substances that have a desirable therapeutic effect in a process known as classical pharmacology.

Drug development is the process of getting a new pharmaceutical drug to the market once a lead compound has been identified through the process of drug discovery. It comprises pre-clinical research on microorganisms and animals, filing for regulatory status, such as via the United States Food and Drug Administration for an investigational new drug to initiate medical trials on humans, and may include the step of obtaining regulatory approval with a new drug application to market the drug. Posology is defined as the pharmacological determination of appropriate doses of drugs and medicines.

It is the study of drugs affect cellular function in the nervous system. Behavioral and molecular Neuropharmacology is the branch of Neuropharmacology which focuses on the study of how drugs affect human behavior including the study of how drug dependence and addiction affect the human brain and involves the study of neurons and their neurochemical interactions, with the overall goal of developing drugs that have beneficial effects on neurological function respectively. Both fields are connected, since both are concerned with the interactions of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, neurohormones, neuromodulators, enzymes, second messengers, co-transporters, ion channels, and receptor proteins in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Neuropharmaceutics is the study of include targeted enhancements and extension of Cognitive studies. Well-validated nootropics used for treating Neurological disorders, Whereas Non-pharmacological measure such as non-invasive brain stimulation employed to improve various cognitive and aSffective functions. It is the learning of how drug influences cellular functions in the nervous system and the neural mechanisms through which they influence behavior.

The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system comprising of the brain and spinal cord. Many consider the retina and the optic nerve (cranial nerve II), as well as the olfactory nerves (cranial nerve I) and olfactory epithelium as parts of the CNS, synapsing directly on brain tissue without intermediary ganglia. As such, the olfactory epithelium is the only central nervous tissue in direct contact with the environment, which opens up for therapeutic treatments. The CNS is enclosed within the dorsal body cavity, with the brain housed in the cranial cavity and the spinal cord in the spinal canal. In vertebrates, the brain is sheltered by the skull, while the spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae. The brain and spinal cord are both bounded in the meninges. In central nervous systems, the interneuronal space is filled with a large amount of supporting non-nervous cells called neuroglial cell.

Migraine is a primary headache disorder categorized by recurrent headaches that are moderate to severe. Generally, the headaches affect one half of the head, are pulsating in nature, and last from two to 72 hours. Related symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light, sound, or smell.

Neuropathic pain is pain caused by damage or ailment affecting the somatosensory nervous system. Neuropathic pain may be related with abnormal sensations called dysesthesia or pain from normally non-painful stimuli (allodynia). It may have constant and/or episodic (paroxysmal) components. The latter resemble stabbings or electric shocks. Common qualities include burning or coldness, "pins and needles" sensations, numbness and itching.

It is any technology that has a fundamental influence on how people understand the brain and various aspects of consciousness, thought, and higher order activities in the brain. It also comprises technologies that are designed to improve and repair brain function and allow researchers and clinicians to visualize the brain.

Alzheimer's disease (AD), also referred to simply as Alzheimer's, is a enduring neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and worsens over time. It is the origin of 60–70% of cases of dementia. As the disease progresses, symptoms can include problems with language, disorientation (including easily getting lost), mood swings, loss of motivation, not managing self care, and behavioural issues. Gradually, bodily functions are lost, ultimately leading to death.

Dementia is a wide category of brain diseases that cause a long-term and often gradual decrease in the ability to think and remember that is great enough to affect a person's daily functioning. Other common indicators include emotional problems, difficulties with language, and a decrease in motivation. These diseases also have a major effect on a person's caregivers.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a durable degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system. Dementia becomes mutual in the advanced stages of the disease. Depression and anxiety are also common, happening in more than a third of people with PD. Other symptoms include sensory, sleep, and emotional problems. The main powered symptoms are collectively called "parkinsonism", or a "parkinsonian syndrome". Analysis of typical cases is mainly based on symptoms, with tests such as neuroimaging being used to rule out other diseases.

Clinical Neuropharmacology comprises mechanisms of action, structure-activity relationships, and drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, to practical clinical problems such as drug interactions, drug toxicity, and therapy for specific syndromes and symptoms. It is a branch of science in which we studied about the features, properties, responses and uses of drugs mainly their therapeutic effect in humans along with toxicology, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.Biochemical Neuropharmacology is apprehensive with the effects of drugs on biochemical pathways underlying the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes and the subsequent therapeutic and the toxicological processes Biochemical pharmacology  is the study of the branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action and the pharmaceutical process is, however, outside the realms of biochemical pharmacology.

Molecular Neuropharmacology is a branch of pharmacology which is concerned with the biochemical mechanisms that mechanisms are responsible for the actions of drugs. It is a program that focuses on the scientific study of the biochemical and biophysical characteristics of drugs at the molecular level and their interaction with, and effects on, biological macromolecules and cellular structures and processes. It is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.

It is the term which is related to immunity is well-defined as that fragment of pharmacology that compacts with drugs acting on the immune system and, in accumulation, with the pharmacological actions of substances imitative from the immune system. Applications of Immunology have used in plentiful disciplines of medicine, particularly in the fields of organ transplantation, oncology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology.

It is the branch of psychology hesitant with the effects of drugs on the mind and behaviour. It is the systematic study of the effects drugs have on mood, sensation, thinking and behavior. It is prominent from neuropsychopharmacology, which stresses the association between drug-induced changes in the functioning of cells in the nervous system and changes in realization and behavior..The field of psychopharmacology studies a wide range of substances with various types of psychoactive properties, focusing primarily on the chemical interactions with the brain.

Behavioral Neuropharmacology is a subspecialty of neurology that studies the impact of neurological damage and disease upon behavior, memory, and cognition, and the treatment thereof. Two fields associated with behavioral neurology are Neuropsychiatry and Neuropsychology.

Addiction is a brain disorder categorized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli despite adverse consequences. In spite of the involvement of a number of psychosocial factors, a biological process – one which is induced by repeated exposure to an addictive stimulus – is the core pathology that efforts the development and maintenance of an addiction. The two properties that characterize all addictive stimuli are that they are reinforcing (i.e., they increase the likelihood that a person will seek repeated exposure to them) and intrinsically fulfilling (i.e., they are perceived as being inherently positive, desirable, and pleasurable).

Neuroimmunology is a field of combining neuroscience, the study of the nervous system and immune system. Neuroimmunologists seek to better understand the interactions of  two complex systems during development, homeostasis, and response to injuries. Neuroimmunology contributes to the development of new pharmacological treatments for several neurological conditions. Nervous and immune systems involve many types of interactions, including the physiological functioning of the two systems in health and disease, malfunction of either and or both systems that leads to disorders, and the physical, chemical, and environmental stressors that affect the two systems on a daily basis.

Neuroinflammation is inflammation of the nervous tissue and it may be initiated in response to a variety of cues, including infection, traumatic brain injury, toxic metabolites, or autoimmunity. The CNS is usually an immunologically privileged site because peripheral immune cells are generally blocked by the blood–brain barrier. Though, circulating peripheral immune cells may surpass a compromised BBB and encounter neurons and glial cells expressing major histocompatibility complex molecules, perpetuating the immune response. While the response is initiated to protect the central nervous system from the infectious agent, the effect may be toxic and widespread inflammation as well as further migration of leukocytes through the blood–brain barrier.

Neuropharmacology is all about the effect of drugs towards the neurons and the mechanism and behavioural change. Cardiovascular pharmacology mainly focuses on heart disease and acute & chronic heart failure and for cardiac arrhythmia. The regenerative medicine therapies for cardiovascular treatment and novel biomarker strategies for cardiovascular disease are known to implement targeted drug therapy using the gene sequence alteration i.e. by using gene therapy concepts.