10th World Congress on Neuropharmacology August 28-29, 2018 Paris, France

It is the science in which medicines are used to deal with disorders of the nervous system. Specializing Physicians in the field of neurology are known as neurologists and they are trained to diagnose, treat, and manage patients with neurological disorders. Neurologists are trained to treat and diagnose adults and they are also involved in clinical research and clinical trials. Neurological disorders are ailments that affect the central nervous system (brain, brainstem and cerebellum), the peripheral nervous system (peripheral nerves - cranial nerves included), or the autonomic nervous system.

Pediatric Neurology  is the branch of medicine that involves the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents. A medical doctor who specializes in this area is known as a pediatrician, or pediatrician. Pediatricians work both in hospitals, particularly those working in its subspecialties such as neonatology, and as primary care physicians.

It is the  branch of science which is concerned with the study of neurochemicals, including neurotransmitters and other molecules such as psychopharmaceuticals and neuropeptides, that influence the function of neurons. Neurobiochemistry is  establish with a vision of assisting neurophysicians, neurosurgeons and other health care professionals to provide the best possible diagnosis of their patient’s disorders. The department is playing a key role in development of the super specialty in Neuroscience and provides the facility for patient care by performing many diagnostic tests, and keeps on looking to add on the latest ones. This field within neuroscience examines how neurochemicals influence the operation of neurons, synapses, and neural networks.

Nursing and Neuroscience both are consider within neuropharmacology. Health care sector focused on the care of individuals, families, and communities which are consider within nursing profession. Neuroscience or neurobiology is the scientific study of the nervous system with multidisciplinary branch of biology, which deals with the anatomy, biochemistry, molecular biology, and physiology of neurons and neural circuits. Neuroscience nurses also work with patients suffering from strokes and birth defects that have affected the nervous system. Neuroscience nursing is a profession that helps patients suffering from neurological problems. This field of medicine focuses on the health of the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord.

It deals with the cells which are capable to self-renewing and to proliferate without any limit, to produce progeny cells which terminally differentiate into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Stem cells are characterized by their capacity to differentiate into multiple cell types. They undergo symmetric or asymmetric cell division into two daughter cells. In symmetric cell division, both daughter cells are also stem cells. In asymmetric division, stem cell produces one stem cell and one specialized cell. The non-stem cell progeny of NSCs are referred to as neural progenitor cells. Some neural stem cells persist in the adult vertebrate brain and continue to produce neurons throughout life. NSCs primarily differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Neural stem cell, largely undifferentiated cell originating in the central nervous system. Neural stem cells (NSCs) have the potential to give rise to offspring cells that grow and differentiate into neurons and glial cells (non-neuronal cells that insulate neurons and enhance the speed at which neurons send signals).

Neuro-AIDS refers to any neurologic condition occurring as a result of HIV infection. The Mount Sinai Neuro-AIDS Program provides compassionate, comprehensive care to HIV-positive patients with neurological disorders. These conditions include dementia, neuropathy, brain infections, and disorders of the spinal cord and muscle. HIV can affect any part of the nervous system, such as the brain, spinal cord, nerves, or muscle. Depending on which part is involved, symptoms of neurologic disease in HIV-infected individuals may include memory loss, headache, dizziness, weakness, numbness, pain, vision changes, or trouble walking. Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL), occur only in patients with advanced AIDS. Other neurologic conditions, such as HIV-associated neuropathy and HIV-associated dementia, occur even in patients with well-controlled HIV.

Neurovirology is the scientific study of viruses capable of infecting the nervous system. It incorporates the related fields of virology, neuroscience, neurology, immunology, and molecular biology. Neurovirology fields main focus on the study of viruses’ capability of infecting the nervous system and to eliminate detrimental populations of neural cells and the studies of the use of viruses to trace neuroanatomical pathways, for gene therapy. It is Study of viruses which directly infect nerves.

Neurosurgery is the branch of neuroscience in which surgery are performed on the nervous system, especially the brain and spinal cord. It is the medical specialty with the prevention, diagnosis, surgical treatment and rehabilitation of disorders which affect any portion of the nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and extra-cranial cerebrovascular system.

Neuroradiology is the subdivision of radiology that deals with the nervous system. It is the subspeciality of radiology which is converging on the diagnosis and characterization of abnormalities of the central and peripheral nervous system, spine, and head and neck using neuroimaging techniques. X-rays is used in the diagnosis and treatment of nervous system disorders. Primary imaging modalities include Computed tomography (CT) and Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ultrasound and Plain radiography is used on a limited basis and in limited circumstances, individual in pediatric population. Probably, Angiography is used for identification of vascular abnormalities or finding and characterization of masses or other lesions but now it is being substituted in many instances like CT or MRI angiography and imaging.

Clinical Neuropharmacology includes mechanisms of action, structure-activity relationships, and drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, to practical clinical problems such as drug interactions, drug toxicity, and therapy for specific syndromes and symptomsis.Clinical Neuropharmacology is a branch of science in which we studied about the features, properties, responses and uses of drugs mainly their therapeutic effect in humans along with toxicology, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.

Molecular Neuropharmacology is a branch of pharmacology which is concerned with the biochemical mechanisms that mechanisms are responsible for the actions of drugs. It is a program that focuses on the scientific study of the biochemical and biophysical characteristics of drugs at the molecular level and their interaction with, and effects on, biological macromolecules and cellular structures and processes. It is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.

Biochemical Neuropharmacology is concerned with the effects of drugs on biochemical pathways underlying the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes and the subsequent therapeutic and the toxicological processes Biochemical pharmacology  is the study of the branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action and the pharmaceutical process is, however, outside the realms of biochemical pharmacology.

Behavioral Neurology is the study of drug dependence and how drug addiction affects the human mind, Anxiety and Autism, Measuring neural activity in Drug abuse, Alcoholism- tolerance to and physical dependence, and properties are mediated through its effects on dopamine neurons in the mesolimbic reward pathway, which connects the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens, Post-traumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder, clinical depression and enhanced treatments.

Psychopharmacology is the branch of psychology hesitant with the effects of drugs on the mind and behaviour. It is the scientific study of the effects drugs have on mood, sensation, thinking and behavior. It is notable from neuropsychopharmacology, which stresses the association between drug-induced changes in the functioning of cells in the nervous system and changes in realization and behavior. The term "psychopharmacology" was probably first coined by David Macht in 1920.The field of psychopharmacology studies a wide range of substances with various types of psychoactive properties, focusing primarily on the chemical interactions with the brain.

Immunology is the term which is related to immunity is well-defined as that fragment of pharmacology that compacts with drugs acting on the immune system and, in accumulation, with the pharmacological actions of substances imitative from the immune system. It is a subdivision of biology that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms. Applications of Immunology have used in abundant disciplines of medicine, particularly in the fields of organ transplantation, oncology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology.

Neurological disorders are a disorder of the nervous system. It may be Structural, biochemical or electrical abnormalities in the brain, spinal cord or other nerves can result in a range of symptoms. Some other neurological disorders are such as Paralysis, muscle weakness, poor coordination, and loss of sensation, seizures, confusion, pain and altered levels of consciousness. Neurological disorders also include epilepsy, Alzheimer disease and other dementias, cerebrovascular diseases including stroke, migraine and other headache disorders, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, neuron infections, brain tumours, traumatic disorders. Neurological disorders treated within the specialties of neurology and clinical neuropsychology.

Neurology treatments are used to treat neurological disorders. Blood tests can also be used to detect infections in the brain and spinal cord, bone marrow disease, damage to the blood vessels and toxins that affect the nervous system. Genetic testing of DNA from white cells in the blood can be used to diagnose congenital nervous disorders. Finally, the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord can be analyzed to detect acute and chronic inflammation, meningitis and some rare infections. There are several key treatments for neurological disorders. Brain mapping is often used for brain tumors and epilepsy while brain stimulation is used for Parkinson’s disease. Neurosurgeons use three-dimensional imaging technology to operate on the brain so as to better target the precise area where a tumor is located and not produce any permanent neurological deficit. Deep brain stimulation uses battery-operated neurotransmitters implanted under the collarbone to prevent the abnormal brain signals that are produced in patients with Parkinson’s disease.

Computational Neuroscience is a science that links the miscellaneous fields of neuroscience, cognitive science, and psychology with electrical engineering, computer science, mathematics, and physics. It is altered from psychological connectionism and from learning theories of disciplines, like machine learning, neural networks, and computational learning theory in that it emphasizes descriptions of functional and biologically realistic neurons and their physiology and dynamics. Computational models deals with the study of brain function in terms of the information processing properties of the structures that make up the nervous system. The Computational models are used in frame hypotheses that can be directly tested by psychological or biological experiments. 

Neuropharmacology is an emerging field of science, rising exponentially with the understanding of nervous system and its related disorders, drugs and treatments. The major area of research includes mechanisms of novel drugs, neuro stem cell therapy, immunoglobulin therapy, gene therapy in neuronal disorders and neural engineering. The global market for medical imaging systems is estimated to be $17 billion in 2009 and is forecast to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.8% from 2009 to 2014. Ultrasound systems comprise 29% of the global medical imaging systems market. X-ray systems are next, with a 24% share. Positron emission tomography has seen growth but it is the smallest segment. The X-ray market is growing well due to the introduction of digital technology.