7^th Global Experts Meeting on Neuropharmacology July 30-31, 2017 Milan, Italy

Neural stem cells (NSCs) offer a unique and powerful tool for basic research and regenerative medicine. To date the need to accomplish this has just been met to some degree for neurons got from embryonic undeveloped cells or iPS cells, and still, after all that the information is not of a quality to justify clinical trials. The issue is that, while the cells that can be made in the lab resemble the ones required, they frequently do not have certain fundamental attributes. 

It includes the social, legal and ethical consequences of advances in neuroscience. It is the amalgamation of neuroscience with ethical thoughts. The ethics of neurocognitive includes brain interventions and imagining, neurological treatments and consciousness disorders.

The global molecular diagnostics market was valued at almost $21.7 billion in 2014. The total market is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 12.5% from 2015 through 2020 to reach nearly $25.2 billion by 2015 and $45.2 billion by 2020.

It is the science that studies the features, properties, interactions, responses and uses of drugs mainly their therapeutic effect in humans along with toxicology, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. It also includes drug abuse, pain and hypothalamic releasing factors.

The global market for drug discovery technologies reached nearly $39.5 billion and $46.5 billion in 2013 and 2014, respectively. This market is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.3% to nearly $79.5 billion for the period 2014-2019.

Psychopharmacology is the learning of the effects of medication on the psyche (psychology), observing changed behaviors and how molecular events are manifest in a measurable behavioral form. The treatments may cause side effects such as induction of the metabolic syndrome, type II diabetes related to the medications prescribed for management of psychiatric and behavioural disorders and disturbances. The effectiveness of the drugs can be increased by prescriber’s knowledge over emotional and interpersonal issues of the patient i.e. psychology of psychopharmacology. Schizophrenia is such a disorder which affects the thinking and acting ability of a person caused by viral infection, genetically or by immune disorder.

The global mental health pharmaceutical market can be estimated at $80 billion in 2010. This market is expected to increase at a 1.9% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) over the forecast period to reach a value of $88 billion in 2015.

Neurochemistry is the specific study of neurochemicals, including neurotransmitters and other molecules that include psychopharmaceuticals, neuropeptides, or gastrotransmitters that influence the function of neurons. It also deals how these neurochemicals influence the network of neural operation. Presence of an intellectual disability, communication disorder, epilepsy or other genetic disorder is present in approximately 70% of people with ASD.

The global neurostimulation devices market is expected to reach $3.8 billion in 2013 and $4.1 billion in 2018, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 1.5%.

It is the study of drug dependence and how drug addiction affects the human mind, Anxiety and Autism, Measuring neural activity in Drug abuse, Alcoholism- tolerance to and physical dependence, and properties are mediated through its effects on dopamine neurons in the mesolimbic reward pathway, which connects the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens, Post-traumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder, clinical depression and enhanced treatments.

The global autism spectrum disorders (ASD) market was valued at $346.2 million in 2013 and $360.9 million in 2014. This market is expected to grow to $412.7 million by 2019, a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 2.7%.

It is the measurement and analysis of chemical and electrical signals of nervous system.  It includes neurocircuitary analysis, novel trans-synaptic tracing approaches, advancements of optical techniques, neuromodulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurotechnology plays a crucial role in diagnostics and identification of nervous activities.

The sales of drug-device combination products reached $21.4 billion in 2013 and $22 billion in 2014. This market is expected to grow to $31 billion in 2019, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.1% from 2014 to 2019.

It is the study of interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system, also biological features of the cells involved and their communications. Most Important aspects of neuroendocrinology are insulin receptor and hypothalamic programming; stress, coping and interactions, neuro-endocrine-immune symphony, pituitary structure and hormone secretion.

The global market for Multiple Sclerosis (MS) disease-modifying products reached $10.1 billion in 2012 and nearly $10.9 billion in 2013. This market is expected to grow to nearly $14.2 billion in 2018 with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.4% over the five-year period from 2013 to 2018.

Alzheimer's is a type of dementia that causes problems with memory, thinking and behaviour. Symptoms usually develop slowly and become severe enough to interfere with daily tasks. Amyloid plaques are also found in the brain of Alzheimer patients. Neurocognitive effects associated with therapeutic drugs and animal cognition and behaviour - Fear and aversive learning and memory.

The global market for alzheimer’s disease reached $10.2 billion in 2012. The market is expected to decrease to $9.5 billion in 2017 for a CAGR of -1.5%.

It is a progressive and chronic disorder, caused by death or malfunctioning of neurons, genetic mutation leading to decreased level of dopamine secretion. Associated effects are anxiety; depression, stress, ageing and neurodegenerative disorders, disease diagnostics, drug designing and therapeutics are the research areas.

The combined direct and indirect cost of Parkinson’s, including treatment, social security payments and lost income from inability to work, is estimated to be nearly $25 billion per year in the United States alone.Medication costs for an individual person with PD average $2,500 a year, and therapeutic surgery can cost up to $100,000 dollars per patient.

Molecular neuropharmacology involves the study of neurons and agonist, Competitive antagonist and Non-competitive antagonist, receptors on neurons for developing new drugs that will treat neurological disorders of neurodegenerative diseases. Neurogenesis and repair refers to the growth and development of neuron. Neurons never function in isolation; they are organized into ensembles or circuits that process kinds of information which are referred as neuronal circuits. The GABA inhibitory neurotransmitter and serotonin neurotransmitter present in the central nervous system of mature vertebrate interacts with GABA receptor and 5HT receptor respectively. 

The global CNS biomarker market was estimated at $1.7 billion in 2011 and nearly $2 billion in 2012. The market is projected to reach $5.1 billion by the end of the forecast period of 2012 to 2017, representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 20.7%.

Neuropharmacology is an emerging field of science, rising exponentially with the understanding of nervous system and its related disorders, drugs and treatments. The major area of research includes mechanisms of novel drugs, neuro stem cell therapy, immunoglobulin therapy, gene therapy in neuronal disorders and neural engineering.

The global market for medical imaging systems is estimated to be $17 billion in 2009 and is forecast to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.8% from 2009 to 2014. Ultrasound systems comprise 29% of the global medical imaging systems market. X-ray systems are next, with a 24% share. Positron emission tomography has seen growth but it is the smallest segment. The X-ray market is growing well due to the introduction of digital technology.

Case studies are an extremely useful records of the clinical practices of a profession. They are a record of clinical interactions which help us to frame questions for more rigorously designed clinical studies. Case studies also provide valuable teaching material, demonstrating both classical and unusual presentations which may challenge the practitioner.

The overall emerging markets for therapeutic drugs totaled $131.4 billion in 2009. These regions include Latin America, China, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, South Korea, India, Russia, and South Africa. These regions are estimated at $145.8 billion in 2010 and expected to continue aggressive growth through 2015, reaching a figure of $214.2 billion, yielding a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8% from 2010 to 2015. The global market for blood-brain barrier (BBB) technology for therapeutics amounted to $12.3 million in 2010 and will reach $387 million by 2015, a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 99.3%.